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The ancient Roman author Athenaeus Mechanicus, writing during the reign of Augustus (30 BCвЂ“14 AD), described the military use of a gimbal-like mechanism, calling it 'little ape' ( pithГЄkion). In fact, research by the latter scholar (1997) demonstrates that the Arab copy contains sequences of Greek letters which fell out of use after the 1st century, thereby strengthening the case that it is a faithful copy of the Hellenistic original, a view recently also shared by the classicist Andrew Wilson (2002). So does his colleague Michael Lewis (2001). The historian of technology George Sarton (1959) also asserts that it is safe to assume the Arabic version is a faithful copying of Philo's original, and credits Philon explicitly with the invention. However, Carra de Vaux, author of the French translation which still provides the basis for modern scholars, regards the Pneumatics as essentially genuine. Thus, as late as 1965, the sinologist Joseph Needham suspected Arab interpolation. The authenticity of Philo's description of a cardan suspension has been doubted by some authors on the ground that the part of Philo's Pneumatica which describes the use of the gimbal survived only in an Arabic translation of the early 9th century. Extant specimens of Chinese gimbals used for incense burners date to the early Tang Dynasty (618вЂ“907), and were part of the silver-smithing tradition in China.

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There is mention during the Liang Dynasty (502вЂ“557) that gimbals were used for hinges of doors and windows, while an artisan once presented a portable warming stove to Empress Wu Zetian (r. There is a hint in the writing of the earlier Sima Xiangru (179вЂ“117 BC) that the gimbal existed in China since the 2nd century BC. In Ancient China, the Han Dynasty (202 BC вЂ“ 220 AD) inventor and mechanical engineer Ding Huan created a gimbal incense burner around 180 AD.

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This was done by the suspension of the inkwell at the center, which was mounted on a series of concentric metal rings so that it remained stationary no matter which way the pot is turned. Philo described an eight-sided ink pot with an opening on each side, which can be turned so that while any face is on top, a pen can be dipped and inked - yet the ink never runs out through the holes of the other sides. The gimbal was first described by the Greek inventor Philo of Byzantium (280вЂ“220 BC). Д®arly modern dry compass suspended by gimbals (1570) BC by Philo of Byzantium, although some modern authors support the view that it may not have a single identifiable inventor. The device has been known since antiquity, first described in the 3rd c. However, Cardano did not invent the gimbal, nor did he claim to. The gimbal suspension used for mounting compasses and the like is sometimes called a Cardan suspension after Italian mathematician and physicist Gerolamo Cardano (1501вЂ“1576) who described it in detail.

For example, on a ship, the gyroscopes, shipboard compasses, stoves, and even drink holders typically use gimbals to keep them upright with respect to the horizon despite the ship's pitching and rolling. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal pivot axes, may be used to allow an object mounted on the innermost gimbal to remain independent of the rotation of its support (e.g.

Illustration of a simple three-axis gimbal set the center ring can be vertically fixedДЄ gimbal is a pivoted support that permits rotation of an object about an axis.